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Authors
Songsrirote, Nitiphong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mahasarakham Business School, Mahasarakham University.
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Article History
Received: 7 March 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was not required for this study as it did not involve human or animal participants. The research relied exclusively on country-level macroeconomic and institutional panel data sourced from publicly accessible databases.
: Informed consent was not required because the study did not involve human participants. All analyses were conducted using aggregated secondary data at the national level.
