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Article History

Received: 12 July 2025

Accepted: 8 February 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the institutional research guidelines, the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments, or comparable ethical standards. All procedures involving human participants adhered to the institutional and national ethical standards for research. The research received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the College of Art, Jinling Institute of Technology (Approval No. JIT-2024-010) on August 28, 2024. Furthermore, all respondents were at least 18 years of age and fully informed about the purpose of the survey. All collected information was strictly confidential, anonymous, and used solely for research purposes.

: In accordance with ethical guidelines, a consent form and relevant information were provided to all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Each participant was fully informed about the purpose of the study, the number of survey items, and the expected duration of participation. It was explicitly stated that participation was completely voluntary and that participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any penalty or negative consequences. They were also assured that their identities and responses would remain anonymous and confidential throughout the research process. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the administration of the survey, and the questionnaires were distributed between September 4, 2024, and November 28, 2024.