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Article History

Received: 9 November 2023

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Universitas Padjadjaran Research Ethics Committee. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with applicable international and national ethical guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted under approval number 1159/Un6.KeP/EC/2023 on August 10, 2023, prior to the commencement of the study. The scope of the approval covered data collection, study population, research procedures, and informed consent process.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection period from August 17, 2023 to October 14, 2023. Participants were informed about the study objectives, procedures, voluntary participation, data anonymity and confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time. Consent was provided for the collection, analysis, and publication of anonymized data in aggregated form. The study posed no foreseeable risks beyond those encountered in daily life.