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Article History

Received: 18 June 2024

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Normal University on January 4, 2023 (Approval no. SDNU2023070), covering all four studies involving qualitative interviews (Study 1) and quantitative questionnaire survey research (Study 2–4). All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained by the research team from all participants prior to data collection, which was conducted between May and December 2023. For adult participants (teachers), research assistants obtained written informed consent before conducting interviews. For minor participants (students), a three-step consent process was implemented: (1) research assistants secured institutional approval from school administrators and consent from head teachers; (2) distributed parental consent forms through schools and collected signed forms from parents/guardians within two weeks; (3) obtained written assent from students on the day of data collection after verifying parental consent. All participants were informed about the study’s purpose, anonymity protections, use for scientific research purposes only, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty through both written consent forms and necessary verbal explanations provided by trained research assistants.