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Authors
Usman, Muhammad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4971-7275
Hameed, Gulnaz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6515-8832
Almas, Lal Khan
Hassan, Shoaib
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Article History
Received: 6 September 2024
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was based exclusively on secondary data obtained from publicly available sources, namely the WDI of the World Bank and the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). The data was aggregated, anonymized, and did not involve human participants or identifiable personal information. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this research.
: Not applicable
