Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 May 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Yonsei University (Approval Number: 202208-HR-2975-01; Approval Date: September 8, 2022). The scope of approval covered all research variables and data collection procedures in this study.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Due to the online nature of the survey, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board, and digital informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Participants were provided with information regarding the study’s objectives, data usage, and confidentiality. They were also informed of their right to withdraw at any time. The data collection and consent process were conducted from May 2024 to August 2024 via the online platform of the research firm Macromil Embrain.