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Article History

Received: 16 January 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved human participants through interviews and quasi-experimental collaborative design tasks. No biomedical, clinical, or invasive procedures were conducted. All data were collected anonymously and handled confidentially for research purposes only. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines for research involving human participants. Ethical approval was granted by the Zhejiang University Ethics Committee (Approval Date: 30 April 2024; the committee does not issue approval numbers).

: All participants provided written informed consent prior to taking part in the study, between 14 May and 30 July 2024. They were informed of the study purpose, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. No personally identifiable or sensitive information was collected, and all audio recordings and transcripts were anonymised during analysis. All procedures adhered to institutional ethical standards for research involving human participants.