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Article History

Received: 29 January 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Galatasaray University (Decision Number: 2392). Approval was granted on 16 March 2020. All experimental procedures were performed in strict adherence to the guidelines and regulations established by the approving committee.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study via an electronic consent interface. Before participating in the online experiment, all individuals were presented with information detailing the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of participation, and the guaranteed anonymity of the collected data. Participants were required to actively select a “consent” checkbox to confirm they had read the information and agreed to take part before they could proceed to the tasks. Data collection took place online between May 5, 2020, and May 4, 2022. This process ensured that informed consent was documented for every respondent. No personally identifiable information was stored, ensuring the full confidentiality of all participants.