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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethical Review of Psychology Research in Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior, at its meeting held on 3 Feb., 2023 (Approval number: 20230203002),following a thorough review of the research proposal and questionnaire items, ensuring that ethical guidelines are followed for research involving human subjects.

: Participants received written informed consent forms explaining the purpose of the study, along with their rights and responsibilities. As the data was gathered via a survey between June to August 2023, this process functioned as written consent. They were clearly informed about the anonymity of their responses, how their data would be used, and any potential risks involved. It was also made clear that their participation was completely voluntary and that they could withdraw at any point without facing any consequences.