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Authors
Liang, Qibai
Han, Xinyu
Cui, Dongxu
Zhang, Lingyun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Office of Philosophy and Social Science (24DSHJ06)
Shandong Office of Philosophy and Social Science (24DSHJ06)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52408077)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023QE242)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023QE242)
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2024
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Jianzhu University (Ethics approval number: SDJZUT-2024-05). All research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional and national guidelines. Approval was granted in 7 May 2024.
: This study included data collected from a field survey conducted in the Yiheyuan Community in August 2024, which gathered 400 responses through face-to-face interviews. An explanatory statement at the beginning of the questionnaire clarified the purpose of the study, the background of the research team, the voluntary nature of participation, and the rights of respondents. According to the ethical guidelines of Shandong Jianzhu University, completion and return of the questionnaire were regarded as implied consent. The survey was anonymous, and no personally identifiable information was collected. Participants were informed that their responses would be used strictly for academic research, and no foreseeable risks were involved.
