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Article History

Received: 20 January 2025

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: The research is a retrospective study based on the metadata of the existing literature, and does not direct involvement with human participants. Moreover, the data of the study are public and anonymous. According to Article 13 of Personal Information Protection Law (processing of publicly available personal information does not require separate consent), and Chinese Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Participants (Guo Wei Ke Jiao Fa [2023] No. 4) jointly issued by the National Health Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in February 2023, the research using legally obtained public data or data generated through observation without interfering with public conduct can be exempted from ethical review. Therefore, this study can be exempted from ethical review.

: This research is a retrospective study based on the metadata of the existing literature, and the data of the study are public and anonymous, and it is impossible to identify individuals through technical means or in combination with other data. Moreover, the study does not involve sensitive information and will not cause physical, psychological, social or economic harm to individuals or groups. Therefore, informed consent of respondents was not required.