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Article History

Received: 15 July 2024

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The first author requested ethical approval from university of King Abdulaziz/ College of Business. Ethical approval for this study was granted on 29/07/2024. Accordingly, the research was conducted in full compliance with established ethical guidelines and principles for research involving human participants. The research protocol, procedures, and data collection methods were reviewed and approved by the school research ethics Committee, under the application number: REC-2024-112, on 29, July 2024. This approval ensures that the study design and ethical considerations met the required standards for conducting human-subject research. For further information regarding ethical approval, Prof, Waleed Afandi may be contacted.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the commencement of the study. Participants were informed about the study purpose, how their data would be used, and that their responses would be anonymized and confidential. Consent was obtained between August 2024 and October 2024 before participants completed the survey. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the King Abdulaziz University and its guidelines on human research.