Li, Hang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4888-8064
Liu, Huijun
Article History
Received: 4 September 2024
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is a secondary analysis of de-identified data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The original CLHLS survey was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB Approval No. IRB00001052-13074) and conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The present study used de-identified publicly available data; therefore, no additional informed consent was required from the authors’ institution.