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Article History

Received: 14 January 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures involving human participants in this study strictly complied with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Normal University (Approval No. ZSRT2023119; Approval Date: November 9, 2023), with specific approval for research involving minors. This approval covered all procedures related to human participants in this study, including research design, data collection, data analysis, and reporting of results.

: This study was conducted in accordance with established ethical guidelines. All adolescent participants and their parents/guardians were fully informed prior to participation about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and the assurance of anonymity, as well as their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Detailed information regarding data confidentiality, data usage, and potential risks and benefits was also provided. Written informed consent was obtained from all adolescent participants and their parents/guardians in either paper or electronic form prior to inclusion in the study. The informed consent time is January 9, 2024.