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Authors
Formisano, Giuliano
Hine, Emmie
Juneja, Prathm
Laitila, Joel
Novelli, Claudio
Chiu, Ethan
Dejanikus, Elizabeth
Levin, Madeline
Schroder, Tyler
West, Andrew
Floridi, Luciano
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Digital Ethics Center, Yale University (N/A)
Digital Ethics Center, Yale University (N/A)
Digital Ethics Center, Yale University (N/A)
Digital Ethics Center, Yale University (N/A)
Digital Ethics Center, Yale University (N/A)
Digital Ethics Center, Yale University (N/A)
Digital Ethics Center, Yale University (N/A)
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Article History
Received: 8 November 2024
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study did not involve recruitment, interaction/intervention, or collection of non-public personal data. Analyses used only publicly available Wikipedia revision histories and edit metadata in aggregate. Ethics committee review was not sought because, under Yale Digital Ethics Centre’s guidance for research using solely public, archival online records with no intervention, the project does not require formal ethics approval.
: No informed consent was obtained because no human participants were recruited or contacted and the study relied exclusively on publicly available Wikipedia edit records generated through routine platform operation and accessible via the publicly available Wikipedia API. Under Yale Digital Ethics Centre’s guidance for non-interventional research using only public, archival online records, informed consent procedures are not applicable.
