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Article History

Received: 9 November 2024

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: In accordance with Chinese law and institutional practices, oral history-style interviews and policy-related expert discussions are exempted from formal institutional review board (IRB) approval. Where no formal ethics or institutional review committee existed at the researcher’s institution at the time of the study, the research was conducted under the exemption framework. The study was carried out in line with internationally recognized ethical standards, including the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, where applicable.

: All interviewees, including government officials and experts, were fully informed of the purpose and scope of the research. Oral informed consent was obtained prior to participation on Aug 31st, 2023. Participation was voluntary, and participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality. All personal identifiers have been removed during transcription and analysis, and responses are reported in aggregated or anonymized form only.