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Article History

Received: 8 February 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 5 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the School of Management Science and Engineering, Shandong Technology and Business University (Approval No.: SDTBU-SMSE-2381; Approval Date: 7 August 2023). The approval covers all procedures related to the questionnaire-based data collection involving human participants in this study.

: Informed consent was obtained from the respondents included in the study. The informed consent was signed along with the electronic questionnaire between October and November 2023. At the beginning of the electronic questionnaire, respondents received an electronic copy of the written informed consent, which informed them of the purpose of the study, the confidentiality and anonymity of the information, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the right to withdraw from the study at any time. As a non-interventional questionnaire study, respondents were fully informed that their data would only be used for research purposes with no potential adverse effects on mental health. If respondents chose ‘I would like to take part in the study’, they were allowed to participate in subsequent questionnaires. Finally, all respondents agreed to participate in the study and consented to have their data processed.