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Article History

Received: 19 June 2024

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The first ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of National Education, Teacher Training and Development General Directorate (Approval No. E-20299769-605.99-30628090, dated 02.09.2021), which covered permission for data collection. A second approval was subsequently obtained from the Ibn Haldun University Board of the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics for Social and Human Sciences (Approval No. E-71395021-050.04-63721, dated 10.10.2025) to reconfirm compliance with ethical standards prior to publication. All processes and due regulations were followed in compliance with the Declarations of Helsinki (DoH) and local authorities.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection on either a digital or a printed form, depending on the participants’ proximity to researcher(s). Consent was obtained by the researchers during the data collection period conducted on September 2, 2021 (09.02.2021), and before any study-related procedures were initiated. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, the non-interventional nature of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, and the intended use of the data for research and publication purposes. Participants were informed that their responses would remain confidential, that data would be anonymized and reported only in aggregate form, and that no personally identifiable information would be disclosed. They were also informed that they could decline to answer any question or withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or negative consequences. A copy of the written consent form is provided in the supplementary materials. Additional details regarding the consent procedure are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.