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Authors
Zhou, Xiangyan
Wang, Xiangling
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Center for International People-to-People Exchange (No. CCIPE202413)
Education Department of Hunan Province (No. Y2024992)
Loudi Philosophy and Social Sciences Achievements Evaluation Committee (No. 159)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology (Approval No.: 2024-004-SFS; approved on February 27, 2024) prior to data collection. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional and/or national guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants. The approval covered the full study protocol, including participant recruitment, questionnaire administration, and the collection and analysis of data.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants on June 5, 2024, prior to data collection conducted from June 6 to June 12, 2024. Participants were informed of the study purpose and procedures, the intended use of their data, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent covered participation and the use of de-identified data for analysis and publication of aggregated findings. No identifiable personal information is included in the manuscript or supplementary materials.
