Document is current

Article History

Received: 10 January 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 5 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Anhui Polytechnic University (Ethics review number: AHPU-SEM-2024-07), on 3 November 2024. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical approval covered the approved research project, including the research protocol, participant recruitment, questionnaire-based data collection, data analysis, and the publication of anonymised results. The Ethics Committee confirmed that the rights and interests of the participants were adequately protected and approved the research plan.

: This study involved non-interventional research using a questionnaire survey. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the research team on 5 November 2024, prior to their participation in the study. Information regarding the research objectives, procedures, voluntary nature of participation, and data usage was provided on the cover page of the questionnaire. Participants were fully informed that their responses would remain confidential and anonymous, that their data would be used solely for academic research purposes, and that there were no foreseeable risks associated with participation. Consent covered participation in the study, the use of collected data for research analysis, and the publication of anonymized results. All participants completed the survey voluntarily and without any obligation.