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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 19 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the TED University Human Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: 2025-44/03) on 28 February 2025. The research was conducted in accordance with institutional and national research ethics guidelines and with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all adult participants (pre-service teachers) on 19 March 2025, prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of the study purpose, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the confidentiality and anonymised use of data for scholarly purposes. No minors participated in the study.