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Article History

Received: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study obtained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee for Humanities, Social Sciences and Education of Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus (Approval No. psu.pn.2-074/66; Date of approval: November 12, 2023). The review was conducted via an expedited process, and the committee reviewed key documentation including the research proposal, informed consent form, participant information sheet, and research tools. The study was reviewed in full compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report. The approval covered all key aspects of the research involving human participants, including recruitment, informed consent, data collection, data storage, and dissemination of anonymized findings.

: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant during the period from December 2023 to February 2024. The participants were informed in detail about the research purpose, study design, data usage, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any point without penalty. All collected information was kept strictly confidential and used solely for academic purposes. No personally identifiable information is reported in this manuscript.