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Authors
Zhou, Lan
She, Zhe
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
HZNU scientific research and innovation team project (TD2025020)
Renmin University of China
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Article History
Received: 9 July 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. This study is a secondary data analysis. The empirical analysis relied on the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data ( ), which was previously collected by the National Survey Research Center (NSRC) of Renmin University of China. The CGSS data is publicly available for research purposes, and the secondary data used was de-identified, ensuring no possibility of linking it back to the original subjects.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. The data used in this article are publicly available secondary data, previously collected by the National Survey Research Center (NSRC) of Renmin University of China as part of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). The data that support the findings of this study are available for research purposes from Renmin University of China by application to cgss@ruc.edu.cn.
