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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study adhered to the Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects (Declaration of Helsinki) and received approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Sisters Hospitallers in Barcelona (reference number: PR-2015-06, dated March 25, 2015), an institution that currently operates under the name Fundación Hospitalarias.

: The research team obtained written informed consent from all individual participants, including service users and primary caregivers, prior to their inclusion in the study. Consent was obtained on a continuous basis throughout the data collection period, which took place between 1 April 2015 and 31 May 2016. Participants received a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, scope, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality safeguards, and their right to withdraw at any time without any negative consequences. In cases involving legally incapacitated service users, written informed consent was additionally obtained from their legally authorised representatives.