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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 5 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Since this study does not involve ethical issues related to human experiments, or animal experiments, ethical approval was automatically exempted for this questionnaire-based study by the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou University on June 17, 2024. As a result, this study was conducted in accordance with widely accepted ethical standards, ensuring no harm to participants while maintaining their confidentiality and anonymity. This study is adhered to the following procedures: informed consent was obtained from participants, who were clearly informed of the survey’s purpose and had a comprehensive understanding of how data would be used and the extent of their involvement. Participation was entirely voluntary, with participants having the right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. All procedures followed the ethical guidelines outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments, as well as comparable ethical standards recognized in the field. This reflects our commitment to ethical standards, prioritizing participant rights and welfare.

: The informed consent process took place between June 19 and June 30, 2024. The participants were fully informed of the nature of the study and provided consent to participate. Prior to participation, all respondents were informed about the aim of the research, the anonymity of their data, the ways the data would be used, and that their participation would be entirely voluntary.