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Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Centre de Recherche en Langues, Cultures et Sociétés (CRELACS) at the University of Burundi, Bujumbura (Approval ID: 002/2023; Date: 20 October 2023), where the first author and principal investigator is affiliated. The other co-authors, who are affiliated with Chinese universities, participated as collaborators in this academic research initiative, contributing to data analysis and writing. Therefore, since the study was conducted with Burundi participants under the leadership of a Burundian researcher, and there is no external sponsoring body that directed the protocol, the ethical oversight was provided by the local institution where data collection took place (University of Burundi, CRELACS), and additional ethical approval from the Chinese university was not sought. We confirm that the procedures used in this study adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, informed consent was obtained from the participants before participation. Participants gave consent in the online survey via the Qualtrics platform between November and December 2023. The informed consent form was presented at the beginning of the online survey, and participants indicated consent by proceeding to the questionnaire after reading the study information. Only after providing consent could they proceed to the study. All participants have been fully informed that their anonymity is assured, the study will be used solely for research and publication purposes and their right to withdraw at any time.