Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 April 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, including its subsequent amendments and other relevant ethical guidelines. The study received ethical approval on March 6, 2023, from the Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Architectural Design and Theoretical Research, Zhejiang University (approval number: 202303001). The approval covered the project’s timeline, research domain, content, design, methods, participant types, etc., ensuring full compliance with ethical standards for studies involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants during April 2023. The consent form clearly outlined the study’s purpose, the scope of data collection, and the agreement to publish the research results. Participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly maintained, and that the collected data would be used exclusively for research analysis and would not be disclosed to any third parties. They were informed that participation was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. There were no foreseeable risks to the participants involved in this research.