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Authors
Shan, Zhaoyang
Su, Yonggang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Social Science Key Project of Shandong Province (22BYYJ01)
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2024
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethical Review Board of the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University (Approval Number: ECSBMSSDU2023-1-076; Date: 7 January 2023).
: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all individual participants included in the study prior to data collection (conducted between June and October 2024). Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, the audio- and video-recording of physiotherapist–patient interactions, the use of de-identified data for research and publication, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
