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Article History

Received: 6 January 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Competing interests

: Francesco Perono Cacciafoco was a Collection Guest Editor for this journal at the time of acceptance for publication. The manuscript was assessed in line with the journal’s standard editorial processes, including its policy on competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the University Research Ethics Review Panel of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (protocol code: ER-LRR-11000102420231202160001; approval date: 1 December 2023).

: Informed consent was obtained in writing in the initial stage of the project, and the signed form is available in the OSF depository ( ). The consent form is derived from the Singaporean Non-HBR (Non-Human Biomedical Research) Study Informed Consent Form, version 5.1 (dated March 5, 2020), which is a standardized document used for low-risk research studies, such as surveys or educational evaluations. It outlines study procedures, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and risks, usually indicating that while there may be no direct personal benefit, findings will contribute to research. The consent includes participation, data use, the identification of the participant, and consent to publish the data. Mr. Benidiktus Delpada, who is the Abui community consultant, is at the same time also one of the authors of the paper, sharing the responsibility for the conclusions drawn from the data. The study did not include any vulnerable individuals or minors.