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Authors
Patnukao, Areerut
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Office of the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation, Thailand (Grant No. RGNS 64-021)
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Article History
Received: 16 March 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 7 March 2026
Competing interests
: The author declares no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report, CIOMS guidelines, and applicable data protection regulations. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Review Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects of the Second Allied Academic Group in Social Sciences, Humanities, and Fine and Applied Arts, Chulalongkorn University (Serial No. 007/65, approved on February 28, 2022). The scope of approval covered the collection, anonymisation, analysis, and reporting of publicly available social media data. The study did not involve direct interaction or intervention with individuals.
: The study analysed publicly available social media data. No direct contact or interaction with individuals was conducted. All data were anonymised prior to analysis, and no personally identifiable information is reported. The requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the above-mentioned ethics committee in accordance with institutional guidelines, as the research involved non-interventional analysis of publicly accessible data and posed minimal risk to individuals.
