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Article History

Received: 7 May 2024

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved human participants and their data. All research procedures were conducted in strict compliance with the ethical standards established by Chinese institutional and national research ethics committees, as well as the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions or equivalent ethical guidelines. Ethical approval for this research was granted by the Ethics Committee of the School of Architecture and Civil Engineering at Xiamen University (Approval No. XMU-IRB-2023-1101-016), with the approval officially issued on November 1, 2023. The approval covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. The study was officially launched after obtaining ethical approval, and no data collection was conducted prior to approval. Throughout the research process, the rights, safety, privacy, and well-being of participants were rigorously safeguarded in accordance with the approved protocols and relevant Chinese regulations.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. Participants were adults aged 18 years or older, with full legal capacity, and no vulnerable groups, such as minors or patients, were involved. Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, after being provided with detailed information regarding the study’s objectives, procedures, data usage, confidentiality measures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw without consequence. The informed consent form was presented on the first page of the questionnaire, and participants could proceed to the main survey only after reviewing the information and explicitly confirming their consent. Data collection occurred between December 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, and all responses were collected anonymously, with no personally identifiable information gathered. The data collected will be used solely for academic research and published in anonymized form, ensuring full protection of participants’ privacy and data security.