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Article History

Received: 2 September 2024

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 12 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Research and Publication Ethics Committee of South China Normal University (Approval Number: 2021-09; Date: September 1, 2021). The approved protocol involved administering questionnaires to students to assess their learning skills. Throughout the research process, participant confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained to safeguard their privacy.

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants by the first and second researchers on September 1, 2021. The consent covered the following aspects: a) voluntary participation in completing the questionnaire, b) the use of questionnaire responses for research and academic purposes, and c) the publication of findings in aggregated and anonymous form. All participants were fully informed that their anonymity would be guaranteed, about the purpose of the research, and that participation carried no foreseeable risks.