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Authors
Xuan, Yuyang
Zhao, Liying
Yao, Yujia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postdoctoral Science Preferential Funding of Zhejiang Province (ZJ2025016)
National Social Science Fund of China (23BSH133)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (GB202502008)
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The procedure for conducting this study was designed per ethical standards to protect participants’ rights and privacy. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Department of Psychology in Zhejiang University of Technology (IRB number: 2023D001, for university student participant), granted on 26th January 2023. All procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The data collection for Study 1 was conducted from February 4 to 12, 2023 via a secure online survey platform, then the data collection for Study 2 was conducted from February 23 to March 9 in the behavioural laboratory. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. The informed consent forms clearly explained: (1) the purpose of the survey, (2) researchers’ affiliations, (3) privacy guarantees, and (4) data confidentiality measures. The scope of consent covered: (a) voluntary participation in the survey, (b) use of collected data for research purposes, (c) anonymous publication of aggregated results in academic journals, and (d) the right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequences.
