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Article History

Received: 28 August 2024

Accepted: 26 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of School of Humanities, Zhejiang Institute of Communications. All procedures were conducted in accordance with all applicable guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants, adhering to the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval was granted prior to the commencement of the data collection in April 2024. The approval was subsequently documented as Approval No. HSSCOMMS31194 on March 28, 2025.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection,which occurred between 28 April and 30 May, 2024. Prior the date collection, all participants were provided with comprehensive information regarding the study’s purpose and the anonymous use of their data. To ensure explicit consent, a mandatory question was included within the survey, asking participants to formally agree to the use of their responses for research. Submission of the questionnaire was required to finalize and record participants’ consent; however, all records where participants explicitly declined consent in this question were permanently deleted and not utilised in the study. The analysis is therefore based solely on data from participants who provided explicit electronic consent.