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Article History

Received: 18 September 2025

Accepted: 26 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Local Ethics Committee, Department for Science and Innovation Activities, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Protocol IRB-A8437; registry IRB00010790 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University IRB #1). Approval date: 20 June 2024.

: All prospective participants (≥18 years) were informed about the study purpose, procedures, data confidentiality, and their right to decline or withdraw at any time without consequences. The questionnaire and participant information were provided in Russian. The informed consent provided to participants is available as Supplementary File - Informed consent. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation. This method was chosen to ensure complete participant anonymity and to create a less formal environment for respondents. No physical or digital recording of the consent itself was made; consent was documented by the participant’s decision to proceed with and complete the questionnaire after being provided with the study information. Consent was obtained between 05 July 2024 and 10 August 2024. Individuals who did not consent did not proceed with the survey.