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Authors
Miao, Yudong
Cui, Jinxin
Yin, Lei
Shen, Zhanlei
Zhu, Dongfang
Zhang, Jingbao
Zhang, Jiajia
Zhen, Mingyue
Li, Xinran
Mou, Lingxiao
Wang, Yixi
Han, Jiaxin
Qin, Jingwei
Wei, Jingming
Silver Tarimo, Clifford
Zhao, Qiuping
Liu, Rongmei
Dai, Nengguang
Lu, Qingyong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Henan Provincial University Philosophy and Social Science Innovation Talent Support Plan (2023-CXRC-06)
The National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2024ZD0526801)
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Article History
Received: 9 July 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Zhengzhou University Life Science Ethics Review Committee on February 14, 2023, covering all aspects of the research (Number: ZZU2023-318).
: During the data collection period (July 2023 to January 2024), face-to-face interviews were conducted by well-trained public health students and township public health professionals. To ensure clear communication, they were assisted by general practitioners from each village. All participants were informed about the voluntary nature, purpose, anonymity, and purely academic use of the survey, as well as the absence of associated risks. Non-illiterate participants signed the written informed consent form themselves. For those who were illiterate, after their verbal consent was obtained, a family member provided written informed consent on their behalf.
