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Authors
Liu, Yang
Doss, Cynthia Yolanda
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hainan University of Science and Technology Curriculum Reform (Project No. : HKJG2025—50)
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Article History
Received: 3 March 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 8 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was reviewed and approved by Taylor’s University Human Ethics Committee (Reference No.: HEC 2024/498, Approval Date: 12 November 2024; valid until August 2025). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Data collection commenced in September 2024 while the ethics application was under review. The study duration (September–December 2024) had been specified in the original application submitted in August 2024. Formal approval was granted on 12 November 2024, confirming that the study posed no ethical concerns.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the principal investigator (Yang Liu) in October 2024, prior to participation. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the measures taken to ensure anonymity and confidentiality.
