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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Center of the International Business School at Fuzhou University of International Studies and Trade. On January 7, 2025, prior to the commencement of data collection, the Center confirmed that the study was exempt from IRB review (Regulation ID: FUIST-IBS-240315), as it involved anonymous survey data with minimal risk and no identifiable information, clinical interventions, or biological samples. As the exemption was confirmed prior to the commencement of data collection, it does not represent retrospective ethical approval. The study complied with relevant institutional and national guidelines for non-interventional human subjects research, including the Declaration of Helsinki (1964 and amendments). The exemption applied to the study design, data collection, and management protocols.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation during the data collection period from 1 March to 15 April 2025. Before accessing the questionnaire, respondents were required to indicate their voluntary agreement after being fully informed in writing about the purpose of the study, research procedures, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the measures implemented to ensure anonymity and data confidentiality.