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Authors
Xu, Chang
Li, Xuefeng
Cai, Ankang
Zhu, Jie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (24FGLB050)
Sichuan Office of Philosophy and Social Science (SCJJ25ND192)
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Article History
Received: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used official statistical data provided by the Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The data consist of aggregated macro-level information at the village, county, and prefecture levels and do not involve human participants or personally identifiable information. The research procedures were conducted in accordance with established ethical principles, including those set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. In accordance with institutional policies, ethical approval was not required for this type of study.
: The use of the data was formally authorized by the Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The nature and objectives of the research were explained to the data provider prior to data access.
