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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 28 February 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures in this study adhered to the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions, or comparable ethical standards. Turkey’s Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings say that the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the School of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Cyprus International University confirmed that research that doesn’t hurt people and doesn’t involve private information or business interests can be exempt from ethical review. In particular, this study does not include specific groups like minors, people with disabilities, or other vulnerable groups. The questions in the questionnaire do not have any negative consequences on the mental health of the people who answer them. this study uses anonymized data for research, doesn’t hurt anyone, and doesn’t include any private information or business interests. The Institutional Review Board of the School of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Cyprus International University looked over this research and gave it an exemption from ethical approval on November 18, 2024. No exemption number was given.

: The consent form was approved from the Institutional Review Board of the School of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Cyprus International University on November 18, 2024 with the same day with the ethics approval. The ethical approval and informed consent obtained in the same day because questionaries, ethical approval and consent form was attached together during application for ethical clearance. Additionally, the ethics committee at our university simultaneously reviews both the complete study protocol and the informed consent form. Researchers are forbidden from engaging with participants or obtaining consent before receiving ethical approval. Thus, the ethics approval and the approved informed-consent were both issued on the same date. This is attributable to the committee’s operational procedures, rather than the simultaneous collection of data and ethical evaluation. Then during data collection, we distributed structured questionnaires with attached consent forms to participants to adhere to research ethics. We have informed participants who took part in the research on the first page of the research questionnaires what the study was for, how the data would be used, that their information would be kept private and anonymous, that they may choose to take part, and that they could leave the study at any moment. Before they could take the survey, participants had to read this information and agree to it. So, the participants gave their permission for the study to use their data. We assured the participants that we would strictly maintain their privacy and identity, collecting no personally identifiable information. We assured participants that their answers would only be used for academic purposes and that the authors would manage and keep the dataset very carefully, with no danger involved. Everyone knew they could leave at any time without punishment and that participation was voluntary. The consent included participating in the study and using the data collected for research purposes. Furthermore, this study did not include any vulnerable people or minors. The data was stripped of identification and used only for research analysis. Authors have agreed to publish our manuscript.