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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 25 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the School of Foreign Languages, Hubei University of Technology (Approval No. HBUTSFL20250115) on 2025-01-15. The committee confirmed that the research posed minimal risks to participants and excluded vulnerable populations (e.g., minors). All raw and identifiable materials (e.g., signed consent forms and original questionnaires containing personal identifiers) will be stored in encrypted form for three years from the date of publication and permanently destroyed thereafter.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in February 2025. The consent form detailed the research purpose, procedures, potential risks/benefits, and participants’ right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and to request withdrawal of their raw identifiable data within 30 days of publication; such requests would be handled where feasible. The publicly shared dataset contains only de-identified, derived numerical responses.