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Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was not required for this study. This research does not involve human participants, experimental interventions, or personally identifiable data. The study relies exclusively on the observational, secondary analysis of 500 publicly available cruise reviews crawled from a public website between February 2019 and December 2024. According to the Trial Measures for Ethical Review of Science and Technology (issued by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China in 2023), research involving the secondary analysis of existing, legally obtained, and publicly accessible data where human subjects cannot be identified is not classified as human subjects research requiring ethical oversight. Because this study falls outside the regulatory scope of institutional ethical review, formal ethical approval and institutional waiver processes are not applicable.

: Informed consent was not applicable for this study. The research does not involve direct interaction with any individuals. The dataset consists solely of pre-existing, publicly accessible online reviews voluntarily posted by users in the public domain. According to Article 27 of the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (PIPL), personal information handlers may process personal information disclosed by the individuals themselves or otherwise legally disclosed within a reasonable scope without requiring explicit consent. All data extracted between February 2019 and December 2024 were strictly anonymized prior to analysis, and no personally identifiable information (PII) was collected. Therefore, the requirement for obtaining informed consent is legally and practically waived.