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Article History

Received: 19 April 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and the scientific research ethics guidelines of the Council of Higher Education of Turkey (YÖK). Ethical approval was obtained from the Bayburt University Ethics Committee (Approval Number: 251; Session Number: 12) on 24 December 2022. Ethical approval includes the implementation and data collection activities carried out for this study.

: After obtaining ethics committee and research permission, written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal guardians before starting the application and data collection at the school. Consent was obtained by the corresponding author using a standardized written form signed by each participant and their legal guardian before participating in the study. Informed consent was obtained from the participants through face-to-face interviews with their legal guardians and themselves at the school between 6–10 February 2023. Each participant and their legal guardians were informed about the purpose and scope of the study, their voluntary participation in the study, their right to withdraw from the study at any stage of the study, and the measures taken to ensure anonymity and confidentiality. Consent covered participation in the study, collection of data, use of the data for the purposes of the scientific article, and publication of aggregated findings. All procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical research principles for non-interventional social science studies.