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Article History

Received: 16 February 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Board Review of the College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology (No specific number was issued) granted on October 15, 2024. All research procedures followed the relevant institutional and national research committee ethical standards and guidelines.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before they participated in the study. Participants were informed about (1) the purpose of the research, (2) the procedures for data collection and use, and (3) the voluntary nature of their participation, including their right to withdraw at any stage without penalty. They were also informed that all survey and interview data would be stored securely on password-protected devices, used solely for academic research purposes, and analyzed in anonymized form. No personally identifiable information was retained. For interviews, participants could decline to answer any question or terminate the interview at any point, and for surveys, respondents could exit the questionnaire before submission. All participants were adults capable of providing informed consent, and no vulnerable populations were involved. Data collection took place between 1 November and 31 December 2024.