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Article History

Received: 29 June 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures in this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Board of Inner Mongolia Technical College of Construction (IMTCC) (Approval Number: 202501003) on 3 January 2025. All data were collected, recorded, and stored anonymously and confidentially. The study strictly adhered to relevant ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure the protection of participants’ privacy, dignity, and rights. The results presented in this study are original and have not been published or submitted elsewhere. This research did not involve clinical trials, animal experiments, human tissues, biological samples, or sensitive topics such as religious beliefs, racial identity, political views, sexual orientation, or financial information. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Consent was collected between 5 January 2025 and 28 February 2025 by the corresponding author and research team from all participants involved in this study. Before participation, all participants were provided with an information sheet outlining the research purpose, procedures, voluntary nature of participation, right to withdraw without penalty, data usage, and publication of aggregated results. The consent covered participation in the study, the use of anonymized data for academic analysis, and the publication of aggregated research findings. All participants were fully and clearly informed that no personally identifiable information would be collected, that anonymity would be strictly protected, and that all data would be securely stored and analyzed anonymously. The study posed no foreseeable physical, psychological, or social risks.