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Article History

Received: 15 November 2024

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Human Experimentation Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Normal University on January 11, 2024 (Approval Number: ZSRT2024261). The approval scope encompassed all procedures involving human participants, including participant recruitment, experimental procedures, experimental environment, teaching content, data collection methodologies and analytical approaches. The research strictly adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments, as well as institutional guidelines for human participant protection.

: The informed consent procedure was conducted by the research team between 12 and 15 January 2024. First, professionally trained researchers provided each minor with an age-appropriate explanation of the study. After obtaining verbal assent from the minor, the researchers recorded it in the research register with a checkmark. These pupils were then given the written informed consent forms to take home for their parents or legal guardians to review. If consent was granted, the guardian signed the form, and the pupil would return the signed document to the school. The research team fully informed all participants and their guardians of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, data confidentiality, anonymisation measures, and the voluntary nature of participation. Minors were enrolled in the study only when both verbal assent and guardian-provided written informed consent were obtained.