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Authors
Qamruzzaman, Md
Almulhim, Abdulateif A.
Aljughaiman, Abdullah A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United International University (IAR-2025- PUB-042)
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University (KFU260949)
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve human participants, human tissue, or animals. The research is based exclusively on secondary data obtained from publicly available and internationally recognised databases. Therefore, formal ethical approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required.
: The study relies entirely on secondary data sourced from publicly accessible databases. No primary data were collected, and no interaction with human participants occurred. As the research does not involve identifiable individuals or personal data, informed consent was not required.
