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Article History

Received: 10 December 2024

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The consent form detailed the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Participants were clearly informed that their involvement was entirely voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw at any time without facing any penalties or negative repercussions. The confidentiality of their personal information and data was also assured.

: All participants provided written informed consent for the anonymous and aggregated presentation of their data in any publication arising from this study.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964 and its later amendments) and were approved by the Southwest Minzu University, Department of Education and Psychology Research Ethics Committee (Approval No. 202318, dated 12 November 2023). A written informed consent—signed by each participant—was obtained prior to every phase of the study: 15 November 2023 for the pre-experiment, and 21 November 2023 and 21 December 2023 for the two sessions of the formal experiment.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.