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Article History

Received: 16 March 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by UCSI University Ethics Committee (Approval Number: IEC-2024-FOSSLA-0173). The ethics application was first submitted on 13 September 2024, and reviewed by the UCSI University Ethics Committee. Approval for this study’s ethics application was granted on 19 November 2024. All procedures in this study comply with institutional research guidelines and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Online informed consent was obtained from all participants before starting the formal survey which was conducted in November and December 2024. On the first page of the questionnaire, the participants were provided with a written explanation of the study’s objectives, voluntary nature, data usage, and confidentiality measures. The survey could only be accessed after participants actively clicked the “I agree” button to indicate their consent (opt-in). All collected data were anonymized and used solely for academic purposes, the participants’ privacy and anonymity were fully protected, and the study involved no foreseeable physical, psychological, or emotional risks. The participants were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any penalty. The contact details of the research team were provided for further inquiries.