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Article History

Received: 1 May 2024

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Tsinghua University Science and Technology Ethics Committee (Medicine) on December 21, 2022 (Approval number 20220226). The research adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants in this study between December 26 and 30, 2022, after clearly informing them of the study’s objectives and procedures. Participants were made aware of their right to voluntarily participate and were assured of the anonymity and confidentiality of their data. Consent was provided before beginning the online survey.